根据海拔高度和形态差异可分为高山、中山和低山。中山内又分为高中山、中山和低中山(表1)。
表1:形态类型划分表*
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形 态 类 型
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海拔高度(米)
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切割深度(米)
|
||
|
北 坡
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南 坡
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|||
|
高 山
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3300以上
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<800
|
<600
|
|
|
中
山
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高中山
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2600-3300
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800-1200
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500-800
|
|
中 山
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1800-2600
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600-900
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<500
|
|
|
低中山
|
1350-1800
|
400-600
|
|
|
|
低 山
|
1350以下
|
<400
|
|
|
南坡、北坡是以渭河与汉江的分水岭为界。切割深度以垂直于坡面等高线的自由脊到谷底的比高计算。
大体以海拔3300米为界来划分高山与中山,(1) 此线以上为现代冰缘气候所控制,寒冻风化特别强烈,现代冰缘地貌极为发育。此线以下不太发育,但也有少量的石河,这主要是在上部形成后,向下延伸的部分;(2)此线与现在森林分布的上限基本吻合(南坡森林上限略高于此线)。以上为高山灌丛,以下为落叶松林。
以海拔1350米的高度来划分中山与低山。其理由是:(1) 此线上下的地貌形态迥然不同,以上沟谷深切,坡度较陡,以下坡度较缓,山脊呈平梁和岗丘状,谷地较宽阔;(2)地面组成物质不同,此线以下在基岩上有大量的黄土状物质堆积,以上较少,多为残积坡积风化物;(3)此线以上多为森林覆盖,以下农田广布;(4)此线基本与刘家崖断层相吻合。
在中山内,分别以海拔2600和1800米为界,将中山分为高品山、中山和低中山。在2600米线以上基本包括了完整的太白断块顶部的古剥蚀面和2600-2800米的剥蚀面;此线以上第四纪冰缘地貌分布广泛,以下几乎没有。在海拔1800米以上峰岭尖峭狭窄,多孤峰、岩柱、坡陡并包括了1800-2000米的剥蚀面,以下梁脊较宽,坡度稍缓。
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